This research was aimed to determine the best harvesting intensity for key and indicator species including Agropyron intermedium, Oryzopsis holciform, and Thymus fedtschenkoi in the cold semi steppe rangelands of Firoozkooh. Treatments consisted of different harvesting intensities of 25%, 50%, 75%, and control. In the first year, an area of one hectare was selected and fenced. From each of the above species, 40 average individuals were selected and each of the above treatments was applied on 10 individuals. The study individuals were distinguished by numbered signs and the harvesting was done manually by clipper. The data were analyzed in a split plot design in time and the means were compared using Duncan test. The results showed that the highest (24. 59, 10. 57, and 10. 52 g) and the lowest (20. 17, 9. 91, and 5. 78 g) yield were obtained at 25% and 75% harvesting intensities. According to the results of means comparison in different, the reduction of forage yield was affected by the harvesting intensity. The lowest (15. 61, 8. 59, 9. 14 g) and highest (24. 6, 10. 8, 12. 7 g) forage yield were recorded for the low-rain year (2008) and the wet year (2009), respectively. Therefore, a harvesting intensity of 25-50% could be recommended for the study species.

in this study, the genetic diversity was investigated among eleven accessions of Agropyron intermedium using both cytogenetical and morphological characteristics. Based on the results of cytogenetical experiments, the basic chromosome number was x=7 in all of the accessions, but their karyotypic formula (K. F.) was varied. Based on the results of analysis of variance the accessions were significantly different for all traits except for short arm (SA). The Cluster analysis based on cytogenetical data, classified all accessions into three distinct groups. Analysis of morphological data showed significant differences among all the traits, Comparison of means revealed that the 890-4 and 890-13 accessions produced the highest Dry Weight (DW). Cluster analysis based on morphological data classified the accessions into three separate groups.

Agropyron genus is the important grass for forage production and soil and water conservation in Iran rangelands. There are differences among various species of this genus for salt tolerance. In order to study the salinity effects, an experiment was conducted using four levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl and CaCl2 on Ag.intermedium and Ag.trichophorum seed characteristics.The research was performed for germination characteristics in Laboratory conditions. Data were recorded and analyzed for percentage and speed of germination, length of root and shoot, length of plantlet, Ratio of S/R, Vigour index and Plantlet dry weight.The results in the higher stress values showed that there wasn’t any germination in the two species and most of the germinaton particulars in 100 mmol level had significant decrease (P<0.01). In the other hand, the results of mean comparison of simple effects and salinity levels on the germination particulars showed, Ag. inter medium had higher percent of germination. Also, the another of characteristics except Plantlet dry weight, in Ag. intermedium also had higher growth than the other species.

The allelopaty effect of 2 species of Eucalyptus on germinate 2 species Agropyron was studied in laboratory the seed of 2 species Agropyron elongatum and Agropyron intermedium was prepared and studied in the germinator. Water extract obtained from wet and dry leaf Eucalyptus regnans and e.st.johanii in some different concentration.for analys In this study the complete block coincidence in 3 replications with softwar minitab and SAS was used. The results showed that the leaf extracts Eucalyptus regnans had greatest rate of inhibitor and speice Agropyron intermedium was most sensitive. The greatest rate of inhibitor was observed on extract dry leaf on 4% concentration in the seventh day on E.regnans.

Introduction: Genetic diversity in plant communities is the basis of breeding programs, and in conventional breeding programs, desirable populations are selected from within a population with high genetic diversity.Materials and methods: The genetic diversity for 13 genotypes of Agropyron intermedium was studied by ISSR markers and soluble leaf proteins in the biotechnology laboratory of Kermanshah Agricultural Research and Education Center in 2019.Results: Based on the results of molecular data analysis of proteins, 15 bands were observed, and polymorphism was seen in only four of them. The highest number of bands were related to genotype G12 with 15 bands and the lowest ones were related to G4 and G5 genotypes with 11 bands. In general, the leaf proteins did not have the ability to differentiate within the species. Although, based on the similarity matrix and cluster analysis for soluble leaf proteins, the genotypes were divided into three groups. The first group included genotypes G4, G5, G9, and G11. The second group consisted of genotypes G1, G2, G3, G6, G10, and G12. finally, the third group included genotypes G7, G8, and G13. The first group had the greatest genetic distance from the second group. In total, the ISSR primers were able to produce 86 bands, of which 10 bands were monomorphic and the other bands were polymorphic. The average number of bands produced by each primer for 13 genotypes was 7.17 bands. The primer of IS11, IS12, and IS14 showed the highest number of bands (10 bands), and IS3, IS9, and IS15 showed the lowest number of bands (5 bands). A desirable polymorphism between genotypes was observed based on ISSR markers and the primers of IS3, IS5, IS9, IS10, IS11, and IS14 were determined for the intraspecific diversity study of Ag. intermedium as desirable primers. According to the cluster analysis based on the data obtained from the ISSR primers, the genotypes were placed into three groups. The first group consisted of genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G5, and the average similarity coefficient for the genotypes of this group was 0.667. Genotypes G9, G11, G12, and G13 comprised the second group, and the average similarity coefficient for these three genotypes was 0.656. The third group included genotypes G4, G6, G7, G8, and G10 with an average similarity coefficient of 0.660. In addition, based on the ISSR marker, the genotypes G2 and G5 had the highest genetic distance with the genotypes G6, G7, G8, and G10.Conclusion: Genotypes G7 and G8 had the greatest distance with genotype G5. Therefore, due to their genetic distance, these two genotypes are suitable genetic materials for breeding programs and the use of heterosis in order to obtain cultivars with superior characteristics, and it is suggested to use them in future studies.

In order to study of salinity tolerence, Ag.intermedium and Ag.trichophorum in 4 treatment include 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl and CaCl2 on factorial test design based on completely randomized with 4 replication in laboratory and greenhoude was studied. Characteristics studied in this research include germination characteristics, seedling length, root to shoot ratio, root to shoot dry weight ratio, seedling dry weight of seedling fresh weight ratio, dry maerial weight, the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll. The results of measuring the amount of chlorophyll and other plant physiological traits growing in pots show that there is significant difference in 1% level in between all ecotype and level of salinity the content of and Chlorophyll a,b and total Chlorophyll , seedling length, weight of dry meterial and dry weight of seedling fresh weight ratio and interaction of jenotype*salinity there is significant difference in 5% level on total Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll a and and a notable point increase of relative in the concentration of chlorophyll versus increase of salinity level in species was.Finally, A. trichophorum (Accesion 3412) had higher chlorophyll contents as compared with others Accesion and A. intermedium (Accesion 3424) had the highest dry material percentage among all Accesions.

In order to study the effect of drought and salinity stress on three range species of Agropyron intermedium, Avena barbata and Panicum antidotale a study was carried out using factorial statistical method with a completely randomized design in 3 repetitions of 36 treatments totaling 108 vessels in greenhouse. Drought stress was selected based on irrigation intervals of 6, 12 and 20 days. Salinity stress was selected in the form of four salinity treatments, including zero (authentic), 40, 120 and 200 millimolar. Salt solutions of NaCl (60%), Na2S04 (30%) and CaCl2 (15%) were used. Two months duration of stress was applied. During the test, some observations including: the weight of stem, leaf and root dry matter, relevant humidity and potential water in leaves, the ratio of root to leaf, the percent of leaves shedding, as well as the effects of stress on internal parts of organs, longitudinal and latitudinal sections of the plant, were carried out. The results show that dry and salinity stress will severely decrease dry matter (stem, leaf and root). The effect of 20 days dry treatment and 200 millimolar salinity was observed in decreasing dry matter production more than the other treatments. Among the under test species, Avena barbata and Agropyron intermedium have the most and least tolerance to drought stress respectively, while the three studied species are not easily influenced by salinity stress.

Agropyron intermediumspecies has good quality and the preference value that is important in soil conservation and forage production for livestock. Ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) is a multivariate approach to the study of the geographical distribution of species based on environmental factors and present only. For modeling, vegetation data in addition to site condition information including topography, climate, geology and soil were prepared. Within each sampling unit, three parallel transects with 150m length, each containing 15 quadrats were established. Sampling method was randomized-systematic method. Quadrats size determined for each vegetation type using the minimal area and their number were determined according to vegetation variation. Soil samples were taken from 0-30cm in along of each transects and soil properties were measured in the laboratory. For data analysis and prepare environmental variables maps geostatistical methods. Biomapper4 Software was used for habitat suitability map for A. intermedium. According to the results of the model habitat suitability for A. intermedium species is more in the height evolution (2550m), slop (45%), organic matter and lower lime and clay-loam soil in site study. Accuracy model is calculated 84% using continue Boyce index. Kappa coefficient obtained by matching the prediction map with ground truth (kappa=0.76) to verify the accuracy of the model results. In addition to, the results of this study indicated that this species has a moderate tolerance to the environmental variables, Also has lower specialized that can tolerate life in the range of environmental variables in the study area.

Climate change is one of the main determinants of plant species redistribution and biodiversity loss. This study aims to predict the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of Agropyron intermedium in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province as a part of Central Zagros, Iran. The presence points of studied species were recorded from our field surveys in the studied area. In this study, we used the ensemble predictions based on five species distribution models. The future projections were made for the year 2070 with three scenarios SSP126, SSP370, and SSP585, and two general circulation models GFDL-ESM4 and MRI-ESM2-0. According to the results, Random forest model and the generalized boosted model were recognized as the most reliable models for predicting species distribution. The most effective variables in the suitability of the A. intermedium species habitat were, respectively, elevation, Precipitation of wettest month, and slope. According to the finding, about 21. 26% of the study area for A. intermedium species have had suitable habitats. The decline of suitable habitats of A. intermedium will be 36. 06% to 63. 20% under the GFDL-ESM4 general circulation model and 36. 69% to 65. 17% under MRI-ESM2 general circulation model due to climate change. The results also indicated that climate change will alter the range size of studied species and will probably shift to higher elevations in the future. The results of this study can be used to protect the habitat of the range plant species, as well as its rehabilitation and restoration.

In order to study the changes of water soluble carbohydrates in different phenological stages, sampling of Bromus tomentellus, Agropyron intermedium and Dactylis glomerata was performed in Taleghan. Samples were taken randomly. Three samples in five repetitions (5 samples from each stem) were taken during three phenological steps (growth, flowering and complete growth). Percentage of soluble carbohydrates was measured using NIR. Analysis of variance of data was done based on factorial. Results showed that there was a significant difference between main and reciprocal effects in different steps of phenological growth. In all mentioned species percentage of carbohydrates increased with the growth rate. Quality of different species of grasses in terms of soluble carbohydrates showed significant difference. Mean values of water soluble carbohydrates in A. intermedium ، D. glomerata and B. tomentellus were 13.8%, 9.4% and 8.2%, respectively. Percentage of water soluble carbohydrates in A. intermedium and D. glomerata increased with growth rate and in B. tomentellus was highest in vegetative period. The highest level of water soluble carbohydrates was measured in A.intermedium (17.4%) in complete growth stage. This shows that this species is valuable for delayed grazing.